References on a Resume: Do You Need Them and How to List Them
Short answer: don't put references or "References available upon request" on your resume — it's assumed, wastes space, and reads as outdated. Instead, prepare a separate reference sheet and hand it over only when an employer specifically asks, typically later in the interview process.
Why the line is outdated
It's a given that you'll provide references if asked — the line adds no information and takes up space that could hold another accomplishment bullet. Most resume space is at a premium, especially for early-career candidates trying to fit everything on one page.
What to prepare instead
Create a separate, simple reference document: name, relationship to you (e.g. "Former manager at Acme Inc."), phone/email, and a one-line note on what they can speak to. Bring it to interviews or send it when explicitly asked — never before.
Who to actually ask
Pick people who can speak specifically to your work — a former manager, a senior colleague you worked closely with, or a client/professor for early-career candidates. Always ask permission first, and give them context on the role you're applying for so their answer is relevant and prepared.
Frequently asked questions
Should I list references on my resume?
No — leave them off entirely, including the "available upon request" line. It's assumed and wastes valuable space.
When should I provide references?
Only when an employer specifically asks, which is typically later in the process — after an interview, not with your initial application.
How many references should I have ready?
Two to three is standard — enough to give a rounded picture without overwhelming the employer's follow-up process.